Open accesscreativecommonsEditorial reviewed article
Published online: Oct 2025

Uncovering a world view of co-operative dairy farmers struggling at the edge of displacement:  A qualitative case study with recommendations

Thomas W. Gray

Vol 58(2), pp. 31-37

https://doi.org/10.61869/XPUB9774

How to cite this article: Gray, T.W. (2025). Uncovering a world view of co-operative dairy farmers struggling at the edge of displacement:  A qualitative case study with recommendations. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 58(2), pp. 31-37. https://doi.org/10.61869/XPUB9774

Abstract

This short article introduces a larger report on co-operative dairy farmers’ struggles. Farmers farming at a mid-level scale endure considerable stress and frustration seeking to survive, often at the edge of bankruptcy. Their survival dilemmas have at times been dismissed from the larger civil society with judgements about poor management or the ‘adapt or die’ trope, essentially directing farmers to sell the farm or to go into debt at the rate of millions of dollars. Giving up or losing their job, their career, their family’s security, their family heritage, their farm, and home can of course be profoundly disturbing, if not devastating. This study seeks to give voice to these farmers seeking to survive on the edge of structural displacement, drawing on qualitative comments from a survey of co-operative dairy members in the northwest U.S. and the author’s own formative experiences in family sized dairying. Emphasis is given to the double-binding nature of this lifestyle as reflected in farmer views and opinions about the world as a series of oppositions between and among farmers, between farmers and managers and employees, and between farmers and the larger co-operative, the market, and government. These comments are then used to formulate a series of member relations recommendations.  


Gray (2005) - PDF - →

References

Auchincloss, E. L., & Samberg, E. (2012). Psychoanalytic terms and concepts. Yale University Press.

Bennison, L., Williamson, A. K., & Chapple, L. (2024). How accountability of Australian farmer co-operative members hinges on the farm gate. Journal of Co-operative studies, 57(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.61869/HIQW5860

Boehlje, M. (1995). The "new" agriculture. Choices, 10(4), 34-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300006093

Brown, D. L., & Schaft, K. A. (2018). Rural people and communities in the 21st Century: Resilience and transformation (2nd ed.). Polity Press.

Denzin, N. K., & Giardina, M. D. (Eds.). (2024). Qualitative inquiry in the present tense: Writing a new history. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032620541

Eckelkamp, E. (2024, September 24). America's dairy farms are disappearing, down 95% since the 1970s. Wisconsin Examiner. https://doi.org/10.64628/AAI.ssmqvqm7w

Gardner, T. (2004). Limits to growth? - A perspective on the perpetual debate. Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15693430512331342592

Gray, T. W. (1996). Dairy member frustration and solidarity difficulties: A qualitative analysis. (Report No. 145). USDA, Rural Business-Cooperative Service.

Gray, T. W. (2009). Selecting a cooperative membership structure for the agriculture-of-the-middle initiative (Report No. 216). USDA Rural Development, Rural Business-Cooperative Service.

Gray, T. W. (2024). Farmer stress, co-op members, problematic solidarity, and recommendations from dairy: A qualitative analysis, (Occasional paper series). Canadian Centre for the Study of Co-operatives,University of Saskatchewan. a href=" https://usaskstudies.coop/research/Research-Publications/publications.php" target="“_blank”">https://usaskstudies.coop/research/Research-Publications/publications.php

Hendrickson, M. K., Howard, P. H., Miller, E. M., & Constance, D. H. (2021). The food system: Concentration and its impacts. A special report to the Family Farm Action Alliance. Farm Action. https://farmaction.us/concentrationreport/

Kroll, M. M. (2022, April 28). Understanding farm stress: Farmers experience unique stress and mental health challenges due to their occupation. University of New Hampshire.https://extension.unh.edu/blog/2022/04/understanding-farm-stress

Lameiras, M. M. (n.d.). Farm stress. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences(/em). University of Georgia. https://discover.caes.uga.edu/farm-stress/

Lobao, L., & Meyer, K. (2001). The great agriculture transitions: Crises, change and social consequences of twentieth century US farming. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.103

MacDonald, J. M., Law, J., & Mosheim, R. (2020). Consolidation in U.S. dairy farming (Economic Research Report Number 274). Economic Research Service, USDA. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=98900

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Wiley.

Macionis, J. J., & Gerber, L. M. (2010). Sociology (7th Canadian ed.). Pearson Publications.

National Institute of Mental Health. (2024a, December). Depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression

National Institute of Mental Health. (2024b, December) Suicide prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention

Nichols, C. E., & Davis, J. (2024). The women farmer stress inventory: Examining women farmer stress in the United States corn belt. The Journal of Rural Health, 40(3), 457-466. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12808

Royer, J. S, & Rogers, R. T. (Eds.). (1998). The industrialization of agriculture: Vertical coordination in the U.S. food system. Ashgate Publishing.

Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. R. (2017). Research methods for social work (9th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Schwarzweller, H. K., & Davidson, A. P. (Eds.). (2000). Dairy industry restructuring: Research in rural sociology and development. Volume 8. Emerald Publishing Limited.

Tremblay, H. (2023, June 23). Dairy's decline: The harsh reality for farmers and what we can do about it. Farm Aid. https://www.farmaid.org/blog/dairys-decline-harsh-reality-for-farmers/

UK Society for Co-operative Studies is registered in England and Wales as a charitable incorporated organisation Number 1175295. Our registered office is Holyoake House, Hanover Street, Manchester, M60 0AS.
Log in | Powered by White Fuse